Spring Work’s Blog

Introduction to Coil Springs
A Coil Spring is a mechanical device that has the shape of a Helix (Spiral). Coils are manufactured utilizing high content carbon metals. These types of metals have elastic properties which when heat treated and are conducive to coil spring function. There are three basic types of coil springs used in 3 main industries. The 3 types of coil spring are: Compression, Extension, and Torsion. The 3 industries are: Automobile, Agriculture, and Industrial. I will be discussing compression coils used in the automotive industry. It is important to note that there are four types of spring used on all vehicles made. From passenger vehicles to heavy transport trucks one of the following four is used; Coil Springs, Leaf Springs, Torsion Bars (not torsion coil spring), and Air Springs. In subsequent articles I will detail the function of the other 3 types of springs.
There are 6 different materials which coil springs are manufactured from. Automotive coil springs are usually wound using Oil Tempered, Chrome Silicone, and Chrome Vanadium wire.  The following table summarizes the material and properties:
 

Coils are manufactured using either a Lathe or CNC coiling machine. A Lathe is usually used on smaller quantities of coil springs. CNC coilers are used for larger quantities of coils. Lathes are manual machines utilizing mandrels to form the coil. CNC coilers are automated and position dies to form coils. Many coil springs are coiled in an annealed (soft) condition and then tempered to achieve their strength. Coils can be wound with different inside diameters, end types, and shapes. Coil springs can be found in conical or spiral wound, constant rate or variable rate, and wound with variable pitch spacing or variable thickness wire.
It is important to never heat coils without heat treat equipment and a through knowledge of techniques and time because you will destroy the spring. The heat can change the physical characteristics and reduce the elasticity of the spring.
The physics of coil springs is derived from Hooke’s law of elasticity. It states that when an elastic body is under stress its dimension changes in proportion to the applied stress over a range of stresses. The spring equation is the most common form of Hooke’s law. It is force equals spring constant measured in force per length (F=-kx).
Compression coils are the primary suspension component of the vehicles in which they are used. Most new passenger vehicles use coils on the front and rear suspension while vehicles from the 50’s, 60’s, and 70’s utilize front coils and rear leaf springs. Most 2 wheel drive light truck and vans use coil springs for the front suspension and leaf springs on the rear. . The coils are designed to resist being compressed. They store energy and release it which absorbs road shock while driving. Coil Springs are also designed to support the weight of the vehicle. Keep in mind that springs alone can’t provide a perfectly smooth ride because they are great at absorbing energy but bad at dissipating it. This is compensated by the use of dampers (shock absorbers). The shock absorber slows the compression and rebound of the coil spring producing a smoother ride.
 

In vehicles, coil springs can be found between the frame and the axle, between the frame and the lower control arm, or around a McPherson strut. Commonly these suspension systems are referred to as straight axle, I-beam axle, control arm suspension, and McPherson strut suspension. The straight axle and I-beam axle are considered dependant suspensions and the control arm and McPherson strut are independent suspension systems.

Get your Coil Spring in Santa Rosa from Spring Works!

Summary:
Coil springs are made of coiling a steel wire into the shape of a helix that can be stretched and then returns to its original length when released. There is compression and rebound. Coiling of springs can be either conical or spiral wound. The physicist Hooke was behind the concept that established the physics of coil springs. Spring systems can be of four basic designs. The coil springs, leaf springs, torsion bars, and air springs. In cars, coil springs can be found between the chassis and the axle, between the chassis and the control arm, and around McPherson struts.

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